Literary Landmarks of Pietism

Abstract

Martin O. Westerhaus’s essay, Literary Landmarks of Pietism (1985), surveys key works of German Lutheran Pietism that have endured as theological classics. Westerhaus identifies three major writings still in print and available in English: Philipp Jakob Spener’s Pia Desideria, Johann Friedrich Starck’s Gebetbuch, and Johann Albrecht Bengel’s Gnomon Novi Testamenti, along with the anthology Pietists: Selected Writings. The essay provides biographical sketches of the authors and detailed summaries of their works. Spener’s Pia Desideria (1675), considered the manifesto of Pietism, critiques the spiritual decay of the Lutheran Church and proposes reforms emphasizing Bible study, lay involvement, practical Christianity, and improved pastoral training. Starck’s Gebetbuch (1727) offers devotional prayers and meditations for daily life, reflecting Pietism’s focus on personal piety. Bengel’s Gnomon (1742) stands out for its concise exegetical insights and enduring value as a New Testament commentary. Westerhaus also reviews the anthology Pietists: Selected Writings, which includes excerpts from Spener, Francke, Freylinghausen, and others, illustrating both moderate and radical strands of the movement. The essay concludes that while Pietism produced little systematic theology, its practical emphasis addressed real spiritual needs and influenced later Lutheran practice, including WELS heritage. Westerhaus urges balanced study of Pietism—acknowledging its flaws while appreciating its contributions to piety and pastoral care. Abstract prepared by Microsoft Copilot (GPT‑4).