| dc.description.abstract | Elton R. Bickel’s essay presents a comprehensive word study of the biblical concept of “offense,” focusing on the Greek term σκανδαλον and its Hebrew equivalents. Tracing its etymology and usage from the Old Testament through the Septuagint, Apocrypha, and New Testament, Bickel explores how “offense” evolved from literal meanings like trap or snare to metaphorical applications involving spiritual harm. He distinguishes between giving and taking offense, emphasizing the theological weight of causing others to stumble in faith. The study includes insights from lexicons, commentaries, and doctrinal sources, highlighting the importance of pastoral sensitivity and Christian liberty. Bickel also examines related verb forms (σκανδαλιζω, σκανδαλιζομαι) and their implications for ministry and personal conduct. The essay concludes with practical reflections and a call for renewed attention to the doctrine of offense in theological education and pastoral practice.
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