The Origin and Development of the Papacy

Abstract

Hogey W. Bergholz’s essay, The Origin and Development of the Papacy, offers a historical overview of how the papacy evolved from early church structures into a centralized and powerful institution. He traces the shift from democratic congregational leadership to the monarchical episcopate, shaped by persecution, apostolic reverence, and political favor. Bergholz highlights key developments such as the Council of Nicaea, the rise of metropolitan bishops, and Rome’s growing prestige. He critiques papal claims to spiritual and secular authority, culminating in assertions of infallibility and supremacy. The essay warns against ecumenical optimism and Romanizing tendencies within Lutheranism, urging vigilance and fidelity to Scripture. Bergholz concludes with a call to prioritize the Word over tradition and a prayer for doctrinal steadfastness. Abstract generated by Microsoft Copilot (GPT-4).