A Survey of Small Lutheran Groups in the United States

Abstract

Michael Berg’s comprehensive 2004 survey explores thirty-three small Lutheran groups in the United States, excluding the ELCA, LCMS, and WELS. The paper traces the historical, theological, and organizational roots of each group, highlighting trends such as congregational autonomy, reactions to liberal theology, and movements toward liturgical renewal or ecumenism. Berg categorizes these groups by origin—whether from mergers, doctrinal disputes, or revivalist traditions—and examines their stances on Scripture, confessional subscription, governance, and mission work. The study reveals a spectrum of Lutheran identity, from conservative confessionalism to charismatic and ecumenical expressions. Berg also identifies emerging patterns, including a renewed emphasis on sacramental theology and apostolic succession, as well as a pushback against bureaucratic synodical control. The addendum provides detailed statistics and organizational profiles for each group. This survey offers valuable insight into the diversity and fragmentation of American Lutheranism in the early 21st century. Abstract generated by Microsoft Copilot (GPT-4).