The Troubled Beginning of the "Allgemeine Synode": 1892-1895

Abstract

Frederick Adrian’s essay examines the contentious formation and early struggles of the Allgemeine Synode, a federation of the Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota Synods. Focusing on the years 1892–1895, Adrian challenges historian J.P. Koehler’s portrayal of Carl Boehner as the primary instigator of division within the Michigan Synod. The essay argues that the conflict stemmed not from doctrinal differences but from misunderstandings, personality clashes, and differing expectations regarding the closure of Michigan’s theological seminary. Adrian explores the motivations behind Michigan’s federation decision, the practical challenges of seminary consolidation, and the emotional fallout that led to a synodical split. He suggests that impatience and miscommunication—particularly from Wisconsin’s leadership—exacerbated tensions. Ultimately, Adrian calls for a more balanced historical interpretation and emphasizes the importance of patience and unity in church governance. Abstract generated by Microsoft Copilot (GPT-4).